"Paki" is derived from the exonym Pakistan. The term Pak (پاک) means "purity" in Persian, Urdu and Pashto. There was 😊 no "Pak" or "Paki" ethnic group before the state was created.[3][4] The name of Pakistan (initially as "Pakstan") was coined 😊 by the Cambridge University law student and Muslim nationalist Rahmat Ali, and was published on 28 January 1933 in the 😊 pamphlet Now or Never, which was the name adopted for the country after the partition of India and independence from 😊 the British Raj.[5][6]
Drawing inspiration from the African-American civil rights movement, the Black Power movement, and the anti-apartheid movement, young British 😊 Asian activists began a number of anti-racist youth movements against "Paki-bashing", including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi 😊 Youth Movement following the murder of Altab Ali in 1978, and the Newham Youth Movement following the murder of Akhtar 😊 Ali Baig in 1980.[16]
Several scholars have compared Islamophobic street violence in the 2000s and 2010s to that of Paki-bashing in 😊 the 1970s and 1980s.[13][19][20] Robert Lambert notes that a key difference is that, whereas the National Front and BNP targeted 😊 all British South Asians (including Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs), the English Defence League (EDL) specifically target British Muslims. Lambert also 😊 compares the media's role in fuelling "Paki-bashing" in the late 20th century to its role in fuelling Islamophobic sentiment in 😊 the early 21st century.[13] Geddes notes that variations of the "Paki" racial slur are occasionally used by members of the 😊 EDL.[19]
The term is also used as a slur in Canada against South Asian Canadians[21] The term migrated to Canada around 😊 the 1970s with increased Pakistani and south Asian immigration to Canada.[22][23][24][25] In 2008, a campaign sign for an Alberta Liberal 😊 Party candidate in Edmonton was defaced when the slur was spray painted on it.[26]
Spike Milligan, who was white, played the 😊 lead role of Kevin O'Grady in the 1969 LWT sitcom Curry and Chips. O'Grady, half-Irish and half-Pakistani, was taunted with 😊 the name "Paki-Paddy"; the show intended to mock racism and bigotry.[27] Following complaints, the BBC edited out use of the 😊 word in repeats of the 1980s sitcom Only Fools and Horses.[28] Columnists have perceived this as a way of obscuring 😊 the historical truth that the use of such words was commonplace at the time.[29] The word was used in Rita, 😊 Sue and Bob Too – set in Bradford, one of the first cities to have a large Pakistani community – 😊 and also in East is East – in which it is used by the mixed-race family as well as by 😊 racist characters.[citation needed] In the 2024 biopic Bohemian Rhapsody, Freddie Mercury, who was Indian Parsi, is often addressed derogatorily as 😊 a "Paki" when he worked as a baggage handler at London Heathrow Airport in 1970.[30]
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